The Dobzhansky-Muller Model

The Dobzhansky-Muller Model is a scientific explanation of why natural selection influences speciation in such a way that when hybridization occurs between species, the resulting offspring is genetically incompatible with other members of its species of origin. This occurs because there are several ways that speciation occurs in the natural world, one of which is that a common ancestor can break off into many lineages due to reproductive isolations of certain populations or parts of populations of that species. In this scenario, the genetic makeup of those lineages changes over time through mutations and natural selection choosing the most favorable adaptations for survival. Once the species have diverged, many times they are no longer compatible and can no longer sexually reproduce with each other. The natural world has both prezygotic and postzygotic isolation mechanisms that keep species from interbreeding and producing hybrids, and the Dobzhansky-Muller Model helps to explain how this occurs through the exchange of unique, new alleles and chromosomal  mutations. A New Explanation for Alleles Theodosius Dobzhansky and Hermann Joseph Muller created a model to explain how new alleles arise and are passed down in the newly formed species. Theoretically, an individual that would have a mutation at the chromosomal level would not be able to reproduce with any other individual. The Dobzhansky-Muller Model attempts to theorize how a brand new lineage can arise if there is only one individual with that mutation; in their model, a new allele arises and becomes fixed at one point. In the other now diverged lineage, a different allele arises at a different point on the gene. The two diverged species are now incompatible with each other because they have two alleles that have never been together in the same population. This changes the proteins that are produced during transcription and translation, which could make the hybrid offspring sexually incompatible; however, each lineage can still hypothetically reproduce with the ancestral population, but if these new mutations in the lineages are advantageous, eventually they will become permanent alleles in each population—when this occurs, the ancestral population has successfully split into two new species. Further Explanation of Hybridization The Dobzhansky-Muller Model is also able to explain how this may happen at a large level with whole chromosomes. It is possible that over time during evolution, two smaller chromosomes may undergo centric fusion and become one large chromosome. If this happens, the new lineage with the larger chromosomes is no longer compatible with the other lineage and hybrids cannot happen. What this essentially means is that if two identical yet isolated populations start with a genotype of AABB, but the first group evolves to aaBB and the second to AAbb, meaning that if they crossbreed to form a hybrid, the combination of a and b or A and B occurs for the first time in the populations history, making this hybridized offspring unviable with its ancestors. The Dobzhansky-Muller Model states that incompatibility, then, is most likely caused by whats known as alternative fixation of two or more populations instead of just one and that the hybridization process yields a co-occurrence of alleles in the same individual that is genetically unique and incompatible with others of the same species.

The Awakening By Kate Chopin Essay - 2612 Words

Feminism can be defined as the belief that women and men should have equal rights. This is an incredibly simple premise in theory; however, as soon as one starts to unpack exactly what it would take for equality of the sexes many other inter-related issues arise. One of the main issues is that there are many different types of oppression including, but not limited to, gender, race, sexuality, sexual orientation, ethnicity and socio-economic background. All of these factors and more must be taken into consideration when discussing systemic privilege and oppression. This essay will mainly be focused on American feminism and there will be particular care paid to how first wave feminism treated and seemingly forgot about women of color in its quest for recognition. The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin in 1899, is one of the initial pieces of first wave feminist fiction. This story focuses on Edna, an incredibly dissatisfied Southern housewife who finds love outside of her marriage, only to discover that for her there is no escape from her living hell but death. This incredibly moving story places Edna’s struggle with her societally prescribed gender roles at the center of the novel. Edna is a feisty woman, she escapes her father’s house by marrying a Creole, named Leonce which instead of freeing her as she imagines, simply shifts power over her from one man to another. Edna works to disengage herself from the patriarchal expectations placed on her by her family and friendsShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciatio n from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a lif e that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour. Answer: Introduction: The Australia Wildlife is a tour company operating in Australia with four unique brands. It offers one of the most interactive and diverse experiences of wild life in Australia. The company offers couple, family or group and even to the backpacker. The company offers to the travelers from all over the world with such a mesmerizing experience of tourism. It offers authentic experience to the passionate travelers. The company is positioned itself to meet the growing demand by providing the customized wildlife experiences. The company has been positioned to display the untouched and spectacular destinations in the South Australia and in the Western Australia for the past fifteen years. The target market of the company are mainly the passionate travelers, group and family, couple and targets the people from all over the world. The target market come across all the ages, origin, income levels but they share a common attitude to travel, everyday life and personal development (Australianwil dlifeadventures.com.au, 2016). Discussion: The communication strategy is to be developed for supporting the welfare of animals and its role in improving the national standards and communicating the working group activities in the animals sectors. Explanation of target market and product positioning: The communication strategy targets and focuses on the issues concerning animal welfare and developing sustainably. The targeted audience for the communication strategy are the participants in the strategy, regulator and developers of the animal welfare policies. Other target audience includes the users and managers of animals. The primary audience includes the stakeholders of the company who are working on the strategy implementation (Bruhn Ahlers, 2013). A vast range of stakeholders would be covered under this strategy such as associations, working group participants and the consumers groups, businesses. The secondary audience would include those who are not directly involved in the implementation of the strategy. These includes animal welfare bodies, government, consumers, transporters, processors and animal owners. The communication strategy has very broad objectives of improving the communication between the public on the issues concerning the animal welfare and the progress of the mission to make the sustainable development for the welfare of the animals. The activities involving the communication would target both the external stakeholders, internal participants and the travelers (Blakeman, 2014). Explanation of the communication objectives: The various objectives of communication are listed down below: Understanding and meeting the needs of the welfare of the animals and enabling the people to make the ethical decisions concerning the welfare of animals. This should be supported by their knowledge and skills. One of the core objective of the communication strategy is facilitate improved communication between the associations, consumer groups and businesses. Engaging Australia in developments and international partnership to improve the welfare of animals. Generating active and balanced debate about the issues concerning welfare of animals Increasing understanding and knowledge of Australians about the importance of the animal welfare Ensuring that the stakeholders of Australian wildlife adventure are kept updated about the activities and progress of the activities Ensuring that there are output generation and consistent communication activities to keep the company on the agenda and providing incentives to the participants so that they are actively engaged in the process (Cornelissen, 2014). Demonstrating the importance of the collaboration and the ownership of the company. Motivating the participants by facilitating it to deliver on the strategy. Relevance and explanation of key messages and appeal: The following messages will help in improving the communication between the participants of the communication strategy A framework would be provided by the communication strategy to work collaboratively so that the sustainable improvements in the welfare of animals are delivered. The pathway for the people who are interested and the infrastructure is provided by the communication strategy of animal welfare. Such facilities are provided if the people concerned needs it In order to increase the outcome and improve the legislation consistency, the welfare strategy of the company, the government would take on the leadership role, coordination, and perspective. This would also help increasing the efficiency in the expenditures by reducing the duplication of the efforts involved (Ham et al., 2012). The changes in the practice and the standards of the animal welfare cannot happen overnight. This is provided by the welfare communication strategy of the company by means of the series of goals and the stakeholders are making progress against that The state government and the territories are emphasizing on facilitating the collaborative and national activities to activities involved The participants of the communication strategy of the Australian wildlife adventures are committed in continuously improving the animal welfare and are making a key difference in addressing the issues regarding the welfare of animals The sectorial working groups of the Australian wildlife adventures are driving changes in the community. The cross-sectorial working groups provide the valuable contribution and contribution is in the area of research and development, training and education and communications (Kasper Kellerman, 2014). There are also broader messages, which would filter through the public aiming to create awareness and build confidence that the issues concerning the welfare of animals are being addressed. The messages are so that it would appeal to the audience Australians are committed to improve the welfare of the animals and they value animals. The welfare of wildlife is the concern and issue for all the Australians The practice of improving the animal welfare is long-term process and the progress is being made. There always exist the scope of doing in a better way (Castells,2013). Sustainability should be incorporated in improving the animal welfare or wildlife welfare. The activities of the communication strategy are such that it supports the participants in improving the welfare of the animals Animals have intrinsic value and they are culturally, economically and socially important for Australia. There is a need of developing the communication protocol, which would provide the guide to develop the communication product and the content to promote the animal welfare strategy of the Australian wildlife adventure. This would include the content development, key messages for the media liaison and the tools, which would help in publicizing the working activities of the communication strategy. Social media platform: The activities that are being undertaken by the communication welfare strategy of Australian wildlife adventure would be promoted by using the platform of media. As per the requirements, a distribution list of media is need to be created, researched and updated. As the communication products are developed and rolled out, there is a need to allocate the additional funding to allow for an increase in the additional search words and generation of the clips as well. The social media platforms such as Facebook and twitter would be examined by the communication strategy. These platforms could be established to communicate the activities that are being under taken by the company. The information being released by the company about the strategy can be informed to the stakeholders by tweeting the links and the video case and media releases can be posted on the Facebook. The platform can also be used to inform the participants about the topical issues concerning the welfare of animals (Thorson Moore, 2013). Websites and the e-newsletter are other social media platform. The e newsletter are used to produce the preview stories and communicate the achievements. The media are also used to provide the tips and plan for managing the welfare of animals in a better way. The editions would contain the short stories by providing links along with the additional information. The stakeholders of the company would be provided with the newsletter and the same can be posted on the websites of the company (Richards, 2013). Websites- Websites can be regarded as the central repository for all the outputs and the activities of communication and it would be the focal point of the developed information about the communication strategy. The pilot website consist of the information about the projects undertaken, information about the strategy developed by the company, sectorial and cross-sectorial working groups. The complete site would be developed by rolling out the strategy of the communications and benchmarking the traffic flow (Mihart, 2012). The above three platforms of the social media would be chosen for communicating the strategy about the animal welfare of Australian wildlife adventure. Choosing these platforms would help the company in providing the public with the additional touch points to make them engage on the issues of the animal welfare. The activities undertaken by the company as a part of the communication strategy is implemented using the social media platform such as Facebook, twitter, websites along with the newsletter. The social media platform is difficult to control by its very nature and the strategy concerning the social media is to be developed for setting up the accounts of social networking sites. This would establish clear guidelines by assigning the responsibility to the people who are responsible for responding to the comments, updating the sites. It can be regarded as the part of the infrastructure strategy (Neirotti, 2012). Budget information and the measures assessing success: Most of the promotion strategy and advertising involve spending money; the amount has to be determined. The amount that would go to the online social media, promotional contest and advertisement needs to be planned specifically. The budgets also needs to account for something that is not expected. The budget needs to be built for developing the communication strategy. The expenses of the communication strategy is attributable to the fees and expenses. The budget would include the cost of different thing that is involved in developing and implementing the communication strategy. communication strategy implementation budget of Australian wildlife adventure Activity Fees ($) Expenses ($) Total ($) website content management 3200 0 3200 communication product 4321 0 4321 E-newsletter (source,draft,update) 2120 0 2120 evaluating communication activities 1630 0 1630 website hosting 0 456 456 Domain registration 324 0 324 updating social media 5340 0 5340 sub total 16935 456 17391 Phone, stationary and fax 0 6221 6221 Total Budget 23612 Table depicting budget Source: (created by author) It include the cost of website content management and site domain and hosting registration. The cost relating to the development of the communication products are also included. The expenses relating to the e- newsletter such as sourcing, drafting, updating the list of editions forms a part of the budget. Some other expenses arises from the workshop to be conducted. It involves the fees for drafting the conference report. The budget includes the expenses arising from the fortnightly work in progress meetings, circulating, and updating the documents of work in progress (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). The company uses several tools to evaluate the success: The Australian wildlife adventure is committed towards developing the objectives that are attainable, measurable, relevant time bound and specific. For each of the communication objectives set out in the communication strategy, the company has set the performance indicators. There are several measures taken by company, which would depict deliver and the continual development of the information of the animal welfare. The success is also depicted by the successful sharing of the resources between the group of stakeholders, program development for exchanging the ideas and reaching consensus on the key issues (Quirke, 2012). The evaluation measures are as follows: Tools Evaluation measures Social media The number of friends on Facebook and the followers on Twitter measures the success. This is determined by the policy of the social media. website Here, success is measured by looking at the total number of hits to the websites, whether there is unique browser and the number of page reviews. The company will determine this following the completion of the pilot site Communication products The measures include the number of pages hit, click thoughts and uniqueness of browsers. Table showing evaluation measures Source: (created by author) Conclusions: The communication strategy is developed for managing the tourism wildlife interactions. There is a need of increased commitment form the government for effectively managing the wildlife tourism. The budget consideration with the communication strategy of Australian wildlife adventures would include all the fees and expenses relating to the promotion, advertising of the activities. It includes the expenses attributable to the social media platform that are used to communicate the activities that the company undertakes in addressing the issues of animal welfare and environmental sustainability. The success of the company concerning to this strategy is depicted by the popularity of the websites and the number of the visits and pages liked by the participants and the stakeholders of the company. Reference: Australianwildlifeadventures.com.au. (2016).Australian Wildlife Adventures. [online] Available at: https://australianwildlifeadventures.com.au/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2016]. Blakeman, R. (2014).Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Bruhn, M., Ahlers, G. M. (2013). Integrated communication in the innovation process: an approach to integrated innovation communication. InStrategy and Communication for Innovation(pp. 139-160). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power. OUP Oxford. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2012).Communication strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Ham, S. H., Weiler, B. (2012). Interpretation as the centerpiece of sustainable wildlife tourism.Sustainable Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 35-44. Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge. Lin, C. A., Atkin, D. J. (Eds.). (2014).Communication technology and social change: Theory and implications. Routledge. Luxton, S., Reid, M., Mavondo, F. (2015). Integrated marketing communication capability and brand performance.Journal of Advertising,44(1), 37-46. Mihart, C. (2012). Impact of integrated marketing communication on consumer behaviour: Effects on consumer decision-making process.International Journal of Marketing Studies,4(2), 121. Moyle, B. D., Weiler, B., Croy, G. (2013). Visitors perceptions of tourism impacts bruny and magnetic islands, Australia.Journal of Travel Research,52(3), 392-406. Neirotti, L. D. (2012). and Adventure Tourism.Sport and adventure tourism, 1. Quirke, M. B. (2012).Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Richards, M. (2013). Global Nature, Global Brand: Bbc Earth and David Attenborough's Landmark Wildlife Series.Media International Australia,146(1), 143-154. Singhal, A., Rogers, E. (2012).Entertainment-education: A communication strategy for social change. Routledge. Thorson, E., Moore, J. (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man Conflicti Essay Example For Students

A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man: Conflicti Essay ng Desires Within AA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Conflicting Desires within a DoctrineIn the story, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, written by JamesJoyce, the main character Stephen Dedalus has many encounters with women. Womenand sexuality are major influences on Stephens adolescent life. Another majorfactor that has an influence on Stephens life is the Church. Women andsexuality conflict with the Church and its beliefs, and that is one of Stephensmajor problems thus far. Stephen is having a very big identity crisis, frombeing a God fearing Catholic to a very hormonal teenager. As Stephen sits at the adults dinner table for the first time, hisfather, Mr. Casey and Dante are fighting about religion and politics in Ireland. As they are arguing, Stephens train of thought leads him to think about Eileen. Eileen Vance was the little girl that Stephen wanted to marry when he wasyounger. She is described to have ivory hands and golden hair, which confusesStephen with the phrases, Tower of Ivory and House of Gold which is part ofthe Roman Catholic Litany of Our Lady. Later when Stephen is at school, he againthinks about Eileen. Stephen gets his first sensual experience from Eileen whenshe puts her hand into his pocket and touches his hand. Stephen gets quiteconfused with the terms of the Litany of Our Lady so he starts to associate theTower of Ivory and House of Gold to Eileen. The way James Joyce describesthe scene, She had put her hand into his pocket where his hand was and he hadfelt how cool and thin and soft her hand was.(43) gives the reader the ideathat Stephen enjoyed the feeling. The only problem with Eileen was that she wasa Protestant and Stephen was a Catholic. Stephen also associates women with theVirgin Mary, who was the mother of Jesus Christ. He thinks women as pure, just as Mary was and since he already associated the Tower of Ivory and House ofGold with Eileen, he assumes her to be like the Virgin. Another influence of women in Stephens life comes from the story TheCount of Monte Cristo while reading this story, Stephen starts to fantasizeabout Mercedes. As he fantasizes, he tries to bring her to life through anothergirl, known as E.C.. He has many sexual longings for E.C. but can not understandand is frustrated by his feelings. Knowing that his thoughts and his actionsperhaps he had been masturbating put him into mortal sin, Stephen is veryburdened. Alas, Stephen is overwhelmed by his desires and ends up going to aprostitute. This prostitute is a mix of what he was looking for in a woman, theMercedes characteristics she came over to him and embraced him gaily andgravely her arms held him firmly to her(101) and the motherly/purecharacteristics she passed her tinkling hand through his hair, calling him alittle rascal.(101). Although Stephen knows that he is sinning he wants tobreak away somehow from the good of nature and experience what it feels like tobe fallen like Adam or L ucifer. When Stephen hears the sermon by Father Arnall, he feels remorseful ofhis actions. He thinks that the sermon is totally focused on him. And fromhearing this sermon, Stephen decides to change his ways back towards the church. He does such a good job of being Holy that he is asked to join the priesthood. .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .postImageUrl , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:hover , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:visited , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:active { border:0!important; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:active , .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78 .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04264c1df6ea2970c9dd989e143dfa78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Rose For Emily 2 EssayBut this makes him go on a surge of power hunger. He thinks of all the power andrespect he will get if he joins the priesthood and of all the secrets that hewill hear of women and girls. This again makes him to think lustfully and makeshim sin. He finally decides that instead of entering priesthood, or for thatmatter, even live a religious life, he would become an artist and free himselffrom the doctrines of religion. When Stephen makes this decision, another girlis influential in making this happen. Stephen sees a girl on the beach and he istaken by her physically beauty but also compares her to an angel of mortalyouth and beauty. She was what all the girls before her were except more. Thisgirl tells Stephen to go towards art and so that is how he finally decides tolead his life. Stephen has experienced

Questionnaire on Advertising Effectiveness free essay sample

Have you seen the advertisements of Nirapara ? ? Yes ? No 2. How would you rate the advertisements of Nirapara compared with others you have seen ? ? Much better ? Better ? More or less the same ? Worse ? Much worse 3. How frequently do you watch the advertisements of Nirapara ? ? Every day ? Weekly ? Fortnightly ? Monthly ? Never 4. From which media you noticed this advertisement ? ? TV ? Newspaper ? Magazines Print boards ? Others 5. How did the advertisement describe the products ? ? Highly effective ? Effective ? Average ? Ineffective ? Highly ineffective 6. Based on the advertisements of Nirapara would you buy it ? ? Surely yes ? Probably yes ? May be ? Probably not ? Surely not 7. The presence of celebrity influence the effectiveness of advertisement ? ? Strongly agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly disagree 8. The advertisements of Nirapara is informative ? ? strongly agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly disagree 9. The advertisement of Nirapara is creative ? ? Strongly agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly disagree 10. TV advertisement is more attractive than printed advertisement ? ? strongly agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly disagree 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Questionnaire on Advertising Effectiveness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ethical value of the advertisement ? ? Highly ethical ? Ethical ? Neutral ? Unethical ? Highly unethical 12. Present advertisements of Nirapara is enough for their promotion of products ? strongly agree ? Agree ? Neutral ? Disagree ? Strongly disagree 13. The advertisement of which Nirapara product you mostly noticed.

Seminoles essays

Seminoles essays During the first century, or rather (1789-1812), there were many confrontations between the Seminoles and Americans. From trading with them to having a war with them, living on the same land meant there were going to interactions. When the Seminoles first arrived in the state of Florida, there were very few Indians around. They knew if they wanted to stick around, they were all going to have to come together as one. That is how the Seminoles were formed. In order to preserve their welfare, they hunted, fished, farmed, and raised cattle. Luckily, they occupied the richest land in Florida. With the goods they had, they traded with the Spanish for coffee, sugar, and tobacco. The Seminole tribe was a group of men who were fearless warriors. They vowed to never surrender until they could not fight any more. In addition, with their sense of morality, they believed that people shouldnt be used as slaves. This belief led to many wars with the Americans. The Americans wanted to use the blacks as slaves, but the Seminoles would just free up the captured slaves each and every time. As a result, in the year of 1812, the Americans sent an army into the Seminole country. Villages were burned along with the herds of horses and cattle taken. It was an ongoing warfare till a treaty was completed in 1823. It guaranteed that the Seminoles would have a 4 million-acre settlement where they could live in peace. With these interactions in mind, the Seminoles experience more negative feedback than positive. This led to them never accepting a friendship from a white man. ...

Robert Lee Frost - Literary and Poetic Career Research Paper

Robert Lee Frost - Literary and Poetic Career - Research Paper Example In 1912, Robert Lee Frost was on the move again, this time across the seas to England. He sold his farm and everything he had worked for in America and decided to try his luck in full time writing in England. England proved to be good to his poetry career as his first two books were an instant success; these were A Boy’s Will, published in 1913 and North of Boston which was published a year later. He returned to the United States in 1915 where he settled with his family in Franconia, New Hampshire. He continued his teaching and writing career while here; he taught English at Amherst University from 1916 to 1938. He published his next books Selected Poems and New Hampshire in 1923. New Hampshire earned him his first Pulitzer. He Published the Collected Poems in 1930; this work earned him a Pulitzer a Russell Loines Poetry Prize (Meyers, 2001). Frost continued to give talks and lectures in many places where he was invited all across the United States. In 1937, his wife, Elinor died of heart-related complications. This was a big blow to Frost who continued to surround himself with work as a way of dealing with his loss. In 1939, the National Institute of Arts and Letters in New York awarded Frost a Gold Medal for his literal work. Family tragedy followed him the following year when his son killed himself. He continued to publish more poems and give more speeches and lectures wherever he went. He traveled extensively in Greece, Israel, the Soviet Union and England (Meyers, 2001). In 1961, Frost had the honor of reciting his poem â€Å"The Gift Outright† during the inauguration of JF Kennedy. Although he was not a graduate of any college, Frost held honorary degrees from prestigious universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Oxford, and Cambridge. His poetry was so good that it earned him four Pulitzers in 1994, 1931, 1937 and in 1943. His best-known work was titled â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and it is a simple yet deep exploration of the nature of man

International politics and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International politics and Law - Essay Example 47 states are currently the members of UNHRC of which African and Asian contribution is 13 states each, 12 states are from Europe, 8 from Latin America and Caribbean and United States of America is the only member from North America. The UNHRC was established in March 2006. The council adopted its Institution Building Package in its first meeting in June 2007 and the elements of the institution package were formulated to serve as guideline for future developments. The most important element is the Universal Periodic Review which is formulated for the assessment of the human rights situation in all the member states of the United Nations. An advisory committee looks after the human rights situation in the different regions of the world and gives recommendations to device strategies and plans of action for ensuring the delivery of human rights to each and every human in this world. The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by the General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979 and was entered into force on 3rd September 1981. It is one of the nine major treaties of United Nations on Human Rights. All the state party to this human rights treaty are bound to observe the clauses of the treaty and the UN Human Rights Council gives recommendations to the governments for observing the human rights restrictions as mentioned in this convention. The convention is based on the UN Charter of fundamental human rights which states the dignity and worth of the human person and equal rights for men and women. The convention states that discrimination against any person based on race, creed, nationality or sex is unacceptable because all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and each and every individual in this world is free to practice his beliefs and ideology and lead a life according to the way he deems suitable for himself. The con vention lays stress on the rights of women in the states party to the convention and states that equal economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of men and women should be ensured. The convention establishes concerns over the women rights violation in the world and emphasizes the eradication of racism, aggression, deprivation of basic rights of food, clothes and shelter to women. Over the years the convention has been signed and ratified by almost all the countries of the world and has proven to be very effective in ensuring the provision of women rights in various regions of the world. The condition of women is very deplorable in various regions of the world which include South Asia, Africa, Middle East and Northern Africa. Certain inhumane traditions are still practiced in various countries of these regions and women are targeted in these traditions. The women in these regions are still not treated on equal basis in these regions of the world. The governments of these regions have established rules and guidelines and have passed constitutional laws and amendments for protecting the rights of the women but the situation in some of the regions is still very alarming. The United Nations Human Rights Council is working very effectively in reporting such incidents to the respective governments and United Nations bodies and taskforces. UNHRC also gives its recommendations to the governments and the United Nations bodies to enforce the human rights conventions in these areas. These efforts have been proved very

Transnationalization of Chinese Action Films Essay

Transnationalization of Chinese Action Films - Essay Example This shift in the film paradigm is known as the transnationalism of Chinese cinema (Stephen Teo). This paper studies the transnationalism of Chinese cinema through the examination of four movies, namely, Enter the Dragon, Face/Off, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and One Night in Mongkok. These films will be our case studies in determining the extent and nature of transnationalism that the Chinese cinema has underwent ever since the advent of cinematic change in the late 1920's (Stephen Teo). The first film to be studied is Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, the directorial project of Ang Lee, released in the USA on 9 December 2003 (IMBD 2004). This film is the best example to study the modern day Chinese cinema, due to the strategies that Ang Lee employed in making this film. The Chinese film industry has always been aware that their stories and culture is essentially oriental (Stephen Teo), that is, it can only be clearly and absolutely understood by the locals and the Asian market. With the expanding economic system and increased global interactions, the need was felt for the films to cater to a wide variety of audience, and such audience might not necessarily be from the Chinese land. This meant that the traditions and cultures shown in the Chinese cinema had to be produced in such a way that audiences from other cultural backgrounds, particularly the Americans (Stephen Teo), could easily comprehend them. In other words, the films should have the ability to be culturall y "translated" (Stephen Teo). Some efforts had been made before to achieve this goal, however, all those movies depended on the concept of oriental postmodernism (Stephen Teo) to make the movie more globally understandable. This model essentially depended on portraying the complex culture to the modern market in a way that showed the modern Asian concept of Orientalism (Stephen Teo). What Crouching Tiger brought with it was a change in the treatment and the thinking behind the film; it focused more on globalization than postmodernism (Stephen Teo). Hence, it was more flexible (Stephen Teo) and could be easily translated and transcended into the diverse cultures worldwide. Crouching Tiger did not simply rely on the tried and tested wuxia norms of Chinese cinema, nor did it try to promote the kung fu culture always prevalent in Chinese cinema (Stephen Teo). That said, it is not true that Crouching Tiger did not portray the intrinsic martial art culture of China. In fact, coming from a Chinese background, Ang Lee had to cater to a Chinese audience at home, and so it was imperative that should include local

DDC Technologies for Energy Management

DDC Technologies for Energy Management Introduction Ever since the energy crisis, when digital controls (then called EMCS for energy management and control systems) were unceremoniously ushered into widespread use for HVAC control, the industry has tried to make them look and act like the pneumatic controls they have superseded. Only occasionally are some of the profoundly expanded opportunities available with digital controls applied effectively. Furthermore, terms like reset schedule and direct acting, relevant only to pneumatic systems, are still commonly employed in what is now the digital controls era. While the process of transition to digital control technologies tolerates this mixed bag, a multitude of new demands are requiring our industry to move ahead and realize the full potential of digital control technologies. Building occupants are demanding more comfortable and higher quality environments. Building owners continue to press for greater economies in construction, operation, and maintenance. Finally, a variety of pressures are upon us to provide more precise control and documentation that standards for temperature, ventilation, and indoor air quality are being met. In this article, I will discuss how DDC technologies permit a new flexibility in the traditional rules concerning the need for linear signals and responses with input and output devices. When properly applied, this new flexibility can reduce the cost of DDC technologies. Next month, I will show how, by combining these fundamentals with emerging inter manufacturer controls integration, designers can achieve new horizons in performance and energy efficiency. HVAC Control System A HVAC control system is a computerized system for climate control in buildings. HVAC stands for humidity, ventilation , air-conditioning. Often, these integrate fire, security, and lighting controls into one system. These systems typically use one or more central controllers to command and monitor the remote terminal unit controllers, and they communicate with one or more personal computers that are used as the operator interface. These control systems are typically used on large commercial and industrial buildings to allow central control of many HVAC units around the building(s). The latest systems use the building ethernet for communications between central controllers, and allow operator access from a web browser. Direct Digital Control Central controllers and most terminal unit controllers are programmable, meaning the direct digital control program code may be customized for the intended use. The program features include time schedules, setpoints, controllers, logic, timers, trend logs, and alarms. The unit controllers typically have analog and digital inputs, that allow measurement of the variable (temperature, humidity, or pressure) and analog and digital outputs for control of the medium (hot/cold water and/or steam). Digital inputs are typically (dry) contacts from a control device, and analog inputs are typically a voltage or current measurement from a variable (temperature, humidity, velocity, or pressure) sensing device. Digital outputs are typically relay contacts used to start and stop equipment, and analog outputs are typically voltage or current signals to control the movement of the medium (air/water/steam) control devices.(Valves/dampers/motor speed) It was only natural that the first HVAC controllers would be pneumatic, as the engineers understood fluid control. Thus mechanical engineers could use their experience with the properties of steam and air to control the flow of heated or cooled air. To this day, there is pneumatic HVAC equipment in operation, which can be a century old, in some buildings, such as schools and offices. After the control of air flow and temperature was standardized, the use of electromechanical relays in ladder logic, to switch dampers became standardized. Eventually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current loads. By 1985, pneumatic control could no longer compete with this new technology. By the year 2000, computerized controllers were common. Today, some of these controllers can even be accessed by web browsers, which need no longer be in the same building as the HVAC equipment. This allows some economies of scale, as a single operations center can easily monitor thousands of buildings. Why Linear Devices? When pneumatic controls dominated our industry, building owners paid a high price for modulati n g l o o p p e r for m a n c e and stability. One of the prices paid was the requirement that input and output devices be linear with respect to the system variable they sensed or controlled. This need for linear response was essential to match the limited control capabilities of pneumatic controllers. A number of rules and conventions were established within our industry that made achieving this linear response requirement easier. Among these were the development of the equal percentage valve, which included the seemingly backwards rule of thumb that called for sizing control valves smaller than the pipe size. Similarly, mechanical sensing devices were constructed to provide linear change in control air pressure over their entire sensing range. While these conventions and rules of thumb served the days of pneumatics, they now need to be rethought. Requiring what I call external linearization in digital control designs adds costs in two ways. Linear devices are often more expensive than nonlinear devices that may offer improved levels of performance in DDC applications. Further, linear output conventions, such as designing a high pressure drop through valves or dampers, carry a substantial continuous operating energy penalty. By developing new rules and conventions, the knowledgeable designer can produce designs that have lower first and operating costs and may operate more reliably as well. Linear Devices in the DDC Era The need for linear response in modulating control loops has not been eliminated by the introduction of digital controls. While digital controls offer improved modulating control capabilities, including proportional/integral/derivative (PID) controllers, these control loops continue to be based on the principle of linear response, at least over certain ranges. However, in most typical applications, digital controls can easily internally linearize both input signals and output control functions. Internal Linearization of Inputs One way to reduce the cost of some DDC configurations is to permit nonlinear input devices and use the DDC system for scaling to achieve the correct reading over the range required for the application. I continue to see DDC specifications that limit the selection of input devices to those that provide a linear signal to the DDC system over a wide range of values. Except in special cases, this is an unnecessary requirement that adds costs and may cause other problems. Consider temperature sensors. Fig. 1 shows a resistance curve for an inexpensive thermistor type temperature sensor that may be employed for room temperature sensing. Thermistors are excellent choices for HVAC applications. They are inexpensive, have excellent accuracy and very low hysteresis, and respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, at temperatures normally involved in HVAC applications, thermistors have excellent long-term stability (some care should be taken in choosing thermistors when temperature may rise above 240 F). Finally, because thermistors are typically high resistance (10,000 ohms is typical), they are not affected by variations in wiring distances. However, some designers continue to exclude thermistors because the input signal is not linear with temperature over wide temperature ranges. Instead, low impedance RTD type sensors are often specified. This type of sensor typically requires an electric circuit at the sensor that linearizes and transmits the signal in a way that it will not be affected by wiring resistance (usually a current loop signal is used). Employing low resistance RTD sensors with additional electronics presents a number of potential problems in DDC applications. First is the matter of accuracy. While the RTD sensors themselves provide excellent accuracy, it is not uncommon to find end-toend accuracies (I use end-to-end as the comparison of the value read by a precision thermometer at the device compared with the actual reading at the DDC system operators terminal) out of tolerance. Calibration of the current loop input may be more difficult than that of a simple resistance type thermistor. Other potential problems with RTDs range from the additional electronics (usually located at the device) that may complicate reliability issues all the way to how the Sensor curve 2 Nonlinear sensor resistance curve. The sensor performance curve is a smooth curve over the sensors operating pressure. The DDC linearized curve is a series of straight lines that closely approximates the sensors performance sensor and electronics are configured, which on occasion has been found to affect adversely the sensor signal. Table functions that are now readily available with DDC products can be employed to scale thermistors and other nonlinear devices over a wide range of values. Fig. 2 shows how a DDC system can linearize a continuous, nonlinear sensor input curve with a table function. A number of straight line curves are established in the table function to approximate closely the nonlinear function of the device. As long as simple, inexpensive devices can meet the repeatability, hysteresis, and stability requirements for an HVAC application, such devices should not be rejected because their signals are not linear. Requirement of Linear Output Once it is understood that input devices need not be linear, it is not a great leap to recognize that the response from output devices controlled by analog outputs similarly need not be linear. However, the issues here are more complex and more ingrained in the rules of thumb that engineers frequently apply automatically, so some indepth discussion is required. Because of the pneumatic background, valve design manuals commonly stress the need to select coil/valve combinations for which equal increments in valve position will effect equal increments in heat transfer of a typical heating or cooling coil throughout the stroke of the valve actuator. Fig. 3 shows how traditional design practice seeks to linearize the overall performance of valve and cooling coil. Carefully selecting a coil and valve combination can provide nearly linear performance over the entire range of load possibilities. Such selection is done because it is assumed that the valve will be operated by a controller with a fixed proportional gain. Though this design principle is still widely employed, it is no longer applicable in many modern HVAC applications. In VAV cooling coil applications, the variations of air flow and air/chilled water temperature characteristics act to change dynamically the heat transfer characteristics of the valve/coil arrangement as these parameters change. This makes it very difficult to select a valve/coil combination that will be linear through the variety of conditions that may accompany its operation. The higher performance of DDC systems permits designers much greater flexibility in the design of modulating controls without establishing static (and therefore unrealistic) design criteria. Fig. 4 shows a valve and coil combination that does not provide a linear response of valve position to coil capacity. However, modern DDC systems permit scaling tables to be applied to analog outputs as well as the inputs. Output scaling permits an inherently nonlinear device combination to respond in a linear fashion to signals from the DDC system. In this example, the valve and coil combination provides about 70 percent of the design cooling capacity at about 20 percent valve travel. The DDC output to the valve can be adjusted with the scaling table to position the valve at 20 percent travel at a 70 percent output signal from the DDC system. The scaling factor allows standard PID control to operate the valve effectively because of a software linearization of the valve/coil combination. However, the chilled water flow and heat transfer performance assumed for Fig. 4 is valid only for constant load-side flows and inlet temperatures and for constant chilled water supply temperatures. Whether inherent in the system design or for optimization reasons, rarely in real HVAC applications do these other variables remain constant as control loops operate. As previously discussed, the issue of linear output combinations has therefore been only weakly resolved in the past by attempting to linearize components at one set of system conditions. Obtaining good control over wide ranges of system conditions can be resolved far more completely and effectively with the higher performance capabilities of DDC systems. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains can be tied to algorithms that adjust their values as the variables such as load-side flow, temperatures, and chilled water temperature change. Even more impressive is the emergence of self-tuning controllers. These controllers continually re-establish the various gains associated with a control loop to provide continuously precise control without hunting. The benefits of self-tuning are especially important because variables beyond the immediate control loop can have profound and widely varying effects on each control loop. Self-tuning features are becoming widely available with DDC systems and are enormously effective in adjusting control loops to continue stable operation as other system variables change. Controllability As previously discussed, selecting equipment for linear response should not be an overriding consideration for designers in this era of digital controls. However, this does not mean designers can be imprecise in their designs or in the selection of control loop components. The issue of controllability is one that will continue to play a prominent role both in the design of systems and the selection of individual components. Controllability remains largely a sizing issue. If a valve is oversized for given conditions such that the smallest increment possible from the control loop will substantially overshoot the desired control conditions, the loop has become uncontrollable. This is a problem that typically emerges during periods of low load. Fully understanding the issue of controllability and applying DDC capabilities correctly allows designers to solve such problems and at the same time vastly improve the efficiency and performance of these systems. Selecting a control valve with a lower pressure drop will reduce the pumping power required to meet the load conditions. Traditional practice strongly condemns the idea of employing large valves with lower pressure drops because of the nonlinear response and the lack of controllability at low loads. Fig. 5 illustrates the dilemma. The valve/coil combination with Valve A may be selected according to traditional design practice because it is reasonably controllable at low loads. The vertical axis intercept represents the smallest incremental cooling transfer possible as the valve is cracked open. Note that it is small-only about 10 percent of the design maximum cooling rate. The coil combination with Valve B has a much lower pressure drop because Valve B is a larger size valve. While valve/coil Combination B would require less pumping power, the Y-axis intercept is much higher than that for Combination A. Traditional design criteria typically declare Valve B unsuitable for the application because it is uncontrollable at lower loads and the valve position/ cooling capacity relationship is nonlinear. But when it is integrated with a high-performance control system that can adjust both the chilled water temperature and the loop head pressure, will linearity and controllability of Combination B really be a problem? System Dynamics To see how this question can be answered, consider the graphs in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 6 shows the operation curves for valve/coil Combination B at a number of different approach (chilled water supply less air temperature leaving coil) temperature conditions. It is clear that increasing the chilled water temperature relative to the leaving air temperature markedly improves the controllability at low loads. Similarly, Fig. 7 illustrates that the decrease in pressure across the valve/coil combination also improves the controllability at low loads. Designers can use these relationships to reduce substantially the problem of controllability. At periods of uniform low loads, the DDC system can reduce the head pressure across a valve and increase the chilled water temperature to improve controllability. If all valves on a common chilled water loop experience similar decreases in load concurrently, as is typical in many HVAC applications, this parameter adjustment is a great help in improving controllability at low loads. It is apparent from the two figures that larger rangeability and low load controllability are achieved by controlling the chilled water temperature for load adjustment. Raising the chilled water temperature provides a bonus of chiller efficiency increases, but chilled water adjustment reduces pumping savings because a higher chilled water temperature increases the water flow necessary to meet loads. Additionally, under certain circumstances dehumidification requirements may limit the permissible chilled water adjustment. Exploiting the integrated control capabilities of DDC systems and controlling chilled water temperature and hydronic loop pressure in coordination with the control valves allows valve/coil Combination B to perform very well in many HVAC applications. Next month we will focus on the level of integration required to make valve/coil Configuration B operate effectively. We will discuss integrating the operation of the various equipment involved in providing comfort, possible now through the industry moves to provide communication bridges among manufacturers. By concentrating on selecting the most costeffective input/output devices and by utilizing the emerging communications pathways between equipment from various suppliers, we will see that new horizons of performance and energy efficiency can be attained with simple and economical controls configurations. Designers must exploit the benefits of higher performing DDC systems to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of interfacing hardware points to DDC systems. In so doing, a more in-depth look into total system operation must be evaluated before solutions are selected. Simply following traditional rules of thumb regarding linear input and output devices is a poor design practice in this digital controls era. DDC and Small and Medium Size Buildings The control of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is changing as a result of applying direct digital control (DDC) techniques to HVAC control. This report outlines the main features of DDC compared with conventional pneumatic control and shows that, for small-to-medium-size buildings, the DDC system can pay for itself within two years, after which it affects net savings over pneumatic systems. Comparison between Pneumatic Control and DDC Direct digital control of HVAC systems is the direct monitoring of every system input (temperature, flow, pressure) and direct control of every system output (position, onlaff) from a central controller which is a single computer or combination of computers. DDC is a simple concept, but its significance is not obvious until it is compared with traditional forms of HVAC control. Traditionally, the control of HVAC systems was based on independent pneumatic controllers, which used compressed air t o operate the dampers and valve actuators t o control space condition such as temperature, humidity and fresh-air circulation. One building would have several such systems, which were controlled independently. For example, an air-handling system composed of two fans, three dampers and three valves (Figure 1) would be controlled by local pneumatic controllers which operated as independent units. Each controller had a simple task: to maintain a constant set point (for example, supply air temperature) by monitoring and controlling a very l i m i t e d number of variables connected to it by means of compressed air lines whose pressures represented the values of the variables. The control was adjusted mechanically by a technician in the field, and, as calibration of the pneumatic components was rarely carried out, these systems often did not control the building efficient ly. Because the pneumatic controllers were purely electromechanical devices, their sophistication and accuracy of control were extremely limited. A later variant (of pneumatic control) also employed pneumatic centrals, but w i t h the addition of a computer system. This computes system monitored some additional points (for example, space temperatures) and either calculated new set points for each pneumatic controller or allowed an operator at a computer terminal to transmit manual set points to the pneumatic controllers. Although this newer variant aided the building manager by providing more information about building conditions and performance, overall effective control of the building was still compromised by the local pneumatic controllers. Each controlled point was still operated by a pneumatic controller with very limited sophistication and virtually no flexibility. These limitations became more important as ways to manage energy became more sophisticated, Some WAC system, such as variable air volume (VAV) systems, required an accuracy of control not attainable in most cases by pneumatic controllers. As a result, building energy managers were frustrated by their inability to improve the control strategies without rebuilding the pneumatic control system for each change. DDC has solved both problems;. Instead of independent local pneumatic controllers, DDC uses control or monitoring points, each connected to a computer (or interconnected computers) which reads the value of each input and transmits commands to each output (Figure 2). The control strategies are implemented by computer programs, which can be changed by the operator at will. Also, each strategy has available to it the value of every system input instead of a very l i m i t e d local set. In short, under the DDC concept, the entire building operates as one integrated system rather than as independent srrrall systems. Four main results accrue: Control can be as simple or sophisticated as desired, and can be changed easily; The system is more reliable because fewer electromechanical components are needed; Control is more accurate because of the inherent greater accuracy of DDC electronic components; and Energy is saved because an overall strategy eliminates energy waste resulting from simultaneous heating and cooling, which usually occurs in pneumatic systems. The ability of DDC to accommodate virtually any control strategy has had a dramatic impact on mechanical design. Some new mechanical systems can operate in many different modes, depending on external conditions, space temperatures, season, condition of storage tanks, and utility-pricing structures. DDC allows such systems to be operated continuously in their optimum modes, a standard which simply cannot be attained by ordinary pneumatic systems or even pneumatic systems with computer monitoring. Consequently, mechanical designers are now free to d e s i g n the best energy system for a particular building with the assurance that whatever control strategies they specify can be carried out. Each loop at the remote processors can activate itself independent of the others; however, the most efficient use of energy is achieved by controlling all the loops through the central processor. Scheduling air-conditioning and heating loads and selectively dropping electrical loads if the total building power approaches the demand limit are two common energy optimization features available. Other features, such as optimal stop/start, which calculates the optimum starting and stopping times of heating/cooling units to prepare spaces for occupancy without wasting energy, are also used as part of an over-all strategy. Most of these optimization routines do not require any additional hardware since they are implemented by simply adding programs that sense existing inputs and change the strategy for controlling existing output actuators. The building owner or manager who uses DDC effectively needs feedback to evaluate his strategies for optimizing building performance. DDC simplifies this process because it continually monitors each input directly and has storage capacity to keep files of the historical data thus obtained. These historical data can be plotted in color on a TV screen or summarized and printed in report format for management review. The most advanced DDC systems (Figure 3) include a generalized report generator which can produce nee types of reports at any time rather than limit the user to the reports engaged when the system was procured* This feature of DDC i s particularly important since the owners power to change his energy strategy generally creates a need for new reports on energy-sensitive areas identified by continued use of the system. An ancillary benefit is the ability of the DDG system to include facilities other than WAC. With little increase in cost, factors such as control of security and lighting can be added to the system, thereby enabling greater energy savings and eliminating the need to purchase separate systems for badge reading and door-lock control. There is no doubt that DDC offers more effective energy management than conventional controls but, until very recently, its application to HVAC installations has been limited to large building complexes. Many small- and medium size building installations do not use DDC mainly because of its high cost. In the following sections a typical small building is analyzed and DDC is compared with pneumatic control on a cost and payback basis. Small Building Systems The cost of an HVAC controls Installation is generally related to the number of points t o be monitored or controlled, where each point is defined as an analog or digital input (e.g., temperature sensor, fan status switch) or analog or digital output (e.g. damper position or pump on/off control. Each building system, such as air handling, domestic hot water, or chilled water, includes a certain number of points. A recent study which included detailed analysis of a series of building HVAC system, showed that a small- to medium-size building of about 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft .) would contain about 180 points, of which 35% would be analog inputs, 19% analog outputs, 25% digital inputs and 21% digital outputs. Although different building configurations and mechanical designs would affect the distribution of point types, the total number of points for a building of this size would usually be close to 180. Designing a DDC System Given the building layout and the number of points in HVAC equipment, the single greatest design trade-off is that between centralization and distribution of computer power. At the fully centralized extreme a single central computer controls all functions directly and all points are wired to it. At the other extreme (fully distributed), a smaller central computer is connected t o a myriad of other small computers, each of which is wired to 10 to 20 nearby points, In this second instance the central machine presides aver the whole system and controls the points through the intermediary of the remote processors. Each remote processor can control a single HVAC system (e.g. air-handling unit, chiller) independently. A median approach is to employ a moderate number of remote units each of which is wired to 50 t o 120 points. Although all these approaches utilize the benefits of DDC, the three levels of centralization/distribution involve three factors that must be weighed against one another. The first factor is the cost of computer hardware. The fully-centralized approach employs a single processor, which is the least expensive since it combines all the computing power in one place w i t h one enclosure and no duplication of functions. The fully-distributed approach requires the heaviest capital cost for computer hardware. The second factor is electrical installation cost. The fully distributed arrangement yields the lowest installation cost because each remote processor can be located very close to its points and thus wiring runs are short. The fully-centralized arrangement may be quite expensive unless all points are in one mechanical room. The median arrangement (Figure 4) may be the most economical over-all because four remote processors can be used, one in a penthouse, one in some other logical location such as a basement mechanical room, and others on various floors of the building. The third factor is reliability. The fully-centralized scheme is most sensitive to failure since failure of the single computer causes the entire system to fail. Although the system can be made to fail safely, a system failure is inconvenient. The fully-distributed scheme is least sensitive since any component computer can fail while still leaving all the others running, but, as previously mentioned, the cost of the computing equipment is highest. A median approach for small buildings makes good sense; a compromise on all factors is established by designing a system consisting of a central computer and four remote units. Cost Analysis: DDC versus Pneumatic Control The installed cost of DDC systems has traditionally been higher than for pneumatic sys tens, especially in small installations, where the cost of the DDC control processor is spread over fewer points. The cost of a pneumatic system tends to rise linearly with the number of points, as a large system requires more independent local controllers, whereas with DDC a central processor is required even for system with very few points. However, the rapidly falling cost of computing hardware has eroded the historical price difference between DDC and pneumatic installations. For a specific building of 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft.), the installed cost of a pneumatic system is about 75% of the cost of a DDC system Although the initial cost of a DDC system is higher than for a pneumatic system, it can be recovered in a surprisingly short time . It is realistic to assume that a DDC system will yield a 10X% energy saving over and above conventional pneumatic control, due simply to its more accurate a nd sophisticated control, and t o its ability to provide the building owner with information about building performance and areas where energy should be better controlled. Features such as load shed and flexible scheduling alone will produce large energy savings, and these savings will increase as the owner becomes more familiar with the operation of the building. If we assume yearly maintenance costs of $12,000 and $10,000 for the DDC and pneumatic systems respectively, and an energy usage of 322 equivalent kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/sq.ft./yr.) at $0.0275 per kWh for both systems, it will take 1.4 years more for the DDC to pay for itself than it will for the pneumatic system when used in the building under consideration. After that time the DDC system will save money compared with the pneumatic controls. Another simple calculation shows that for a three-year payback the DDC energy saving need be only 5.7%, an e

The Possible Mechanisms of Scrapie Contraction Essay -- Biology Medica

The Possible Mechanisms of Scrapie Contraction Scrapie was first discovered in Great Britain in the late 1900’s. The first case of scrapie in the United States was found in Michigan in 1947 when the flock owner had imported sheep of British origin several years prior. Since then scientists have researched to find the cause of the scrapie agent that are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. At the present, scientists have presented three main theories that explain why the scrapie agent holds a dangerous threat against its host and how it elicits its symptoms. Scientists are finding genetic alternatives to prevent and dampen the spread of scrapie within sheep and goat flocks. They use methods such as tatoing and genetic selection to regulate animals exposure to the pathogen. Scrapie is defined as a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is widely feared because of its uncertain origin and therefore its seemingly incurable status. It is closely related and often associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; also known as â€Å"Mad Cow† disease), as well Chronic Wasting Disease (found in deer and elk) all of which are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. (Q&A. July 2005 http://www.animalagriculture.org/scrapie/AboutScrapie/QandA.htm) Scrapie is usually transmitted from the mother to her baby sheep or goats, through the placenta or the placental fluids. Animals infected with scrapie experience the symptoms and effects of the disease after two to five years post infection. Scrapie can be transmitted to susceptible sheep and goats through contact with the placenta and placental fluids of infected animals. There has been no evidence of human trans... ...entists alike are trying to make up new procedures of prevention to dampen the further spread of scrapie throughout the population of sheep and goats. Such measures taken to prevent the spread of scrapie include the genetic-based flock clean up plan. Here, genetic selection is used as the primary means of scrapie regulation. The United State s Department of Agriculture’s Animal Plant Health Inspection Service is using genetic testing to determine which exposed animals must be removed or restricted in affected flocks and which are free to move unrestricted. This genetic clean up plan calls for the removal or restriction of all exposed susceptible sheep and goats as well as a five-year cycle of strict monitoring for the breeding of all the livestock (The Genetics of Scrapie Susceptibility. July 26 2005: http://www.aphis.usda/gov/us/nahps/scrapie/scrapie_genetics.pdf).

The election of Abraham Lincoln – a threat to South Carolina

Abraham Lincoln returned to politics with his inflamed speech outlining his arguments against slavery, opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act that was passed by Congress in 1854. The legislation opened lands to the possibility of the spread of slavery. In 1860 Lincoln was chosen by the Republican Party as their candidate. He won the presidential election defeating the Northern Democrat Douglas, the southern democrat representative and the union candidate. His election was unacceptable to southern politicians, who viewed his political stands as a threat to South Carolina and other southern states. Factors that led the South to secedeLincoln’s election as the 16th president of the US formed a pretext to the southerners and few other states seceding from the union. The slave system was viewed by the southerner’s as a more pro-southern system that gave them a stronghold across the nation’s territories. Following Lincoln’s election as president, Southern Carolina a nd six other cotton–growing states in the south seceded from the union, they declared themselves as ‘the confederate states of America. ‘. Attempts by Lincoln to hold the union together by force failed. Tensions between North and South increased which led to the American Civil War that broke out in April 1861.The role of 1860 Election The 1860 election was critical to the political scenario that marked a substantial change in the existing political context. Abraham Lincoln went on to become the first republican who was elected purely by the strength of northern support. His election to power led to the seceding of South Carolina and other southern states fuelling tensions in the political stage. The Emancipation Proclamation that was announced by Lincoln in September 1862 and was put to effect in 1863, freed slaves in the territories that was not already in the control of the union.As quoted by a researcher in a web article â€Å"The Southern army was forced to r etreat, and for the first time the North got the upper hand† (David Maiden), the advancement of the union armies in the southern territory led to the freeing of all slave in the confederation,. The thirteenth amendment passed by Lincoln, led to the permanent abolition of slavery across the nation. Abraham Lincoln is undoubtedly one of the greatest presidents of the US, an eloquent speaker and a great leader. Saving the Union and freeing slaves are viewed as two great achievements of Lincoln.

Analysis Of The Chernobyl Meltdown Essays - Pripyat, Free Essays

Analysis Of The Chernobyl Meltdown Essays - Pripyat, Free Essays Analysis of the Chernobyl Meltdown On April 1986, Soviet's Union Chernobyl nuclear plant exploded letting out a massive amount of radiation that would debate of all Russian citizens for hundreds of years to come. At exactly 1:21 am. on April, 1986 inChernobyl, a city near the Pripiat River the No. 4 reactor exploded and released thirty to forty times the radiation of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombing. The exact causes of the explosion are not known , however scientists and researchers, under thorough investigation, have uncovered possible causes to the explosion.1 The main reason why the explosion occurred was that, the operators of the plant were attempting to conduct an experiment with the emergency cooling system turned off, they made six fatal errors which sealed everyone's fate. Soviet officials clamed that if the technicians, would have avoided at least one of those mistakes, then the plant could have been saved. The technicians began the test one day before the explosion. They started reducing the reactor's power level so they could run the turbine experiment. However in order for the plant to run at lower power they had to turn off the automatic control system, which powered all emergency limitations that the plant should make in case it goes out of control. Turning of the cooling system was an unnecessary action and though it did not cause the explosion, it made the consequences more fatal. Just then the operator's receive a call from the local grid controller in Kiev, who needed the power and asked the technicians to stop lowering it, at what they obeyed. Once that was done the reactor was running with out the cooling system , which was a very serious mistake. At 11:10 p.m. the grid controller said he no longer needed the power, and the operators returned to reducing the power. At twenty minutes past midnight the operators forgot to set the regulator properly, it was the second fatal error. Because of the incorrect regulator settings the reactor's power crashed to 30 MW from 1,000 MW which is too low for the test. At that point the operators would have abandoned the experiment, but they attempted to rescue it, for the next time they would be able to conduct would be in one year only. The senior authorities who had ordered the test would have been furious and would have found out the regulator problem. So the operators decided, to pull out the stops to restore the reactor's power.2 Their third fatal mistake, was the pulling out of control rods. The plant's rule was to have thirty in at all times however they left all but six. By 1:00 Am the power risen to 200 MW, which was still to low for the experiment, however the operators continued. In a few minutes they made their fourth fatal error, by turning on two extra pumps to join the six that wee already cooling the core. This procedure under such low power caused a massive steam disorder. Their fifth fatal error was the turning off of the automatic shut off, which would turn off the reactor. At 1:23 a.m. on Saturday April 26, the workers began the actual experiment. They made their sixth error, by turning off the last safety system. It took the shift manager thirty seconds to realize what was happening and shouted at another operators to press button AZ-5 which would driven all the control rods back into the core, but because the rods were melted from serious heat they didn't fit properly into the core. As the manager gloomy eyed looked down at the control panel several loud banging noises were heard. Immediately the one thousand tone roof of the reactor blew off sky high, and brought down the giant two hundred tone refueling crane onto the core, destroying more cooling systems and 30 fires spread around the plant. Finally the over-heating and steam build up caused a second explosion which destroyed the reactor and part of the building. The graphite began to burn ferociously once exposed to air, as core reached temperatures as high as 2,800o F a massive amount of radioactive dust was let out into the air which was picked by winds and carried thousands of miles into every

Essay Sample on Hiroshima An Analysis Based on Written 2 Articles

Essay Sample on Hiroshima An Analysis Based on Written 2 Articles â€Å"If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth The Japanese city was a wasteland of scattered ashes. a few chimneys survived, standing upright. Trees were bare; mounds of bicycles lay crumpled and warped. On that bright and cloudless morning an uranium bomb as innocent sounding as â€Å"Little Boy† hit this town. After a great-blinding flash, 70,000 people were literally burned to death. The dark, ominous mushroom cloud stood as a symbol for destruction. Hiroshima became the first act of nuclear warfare and this topic remains a passionate debate today, from both a moral and strategic viewpoint. Even sixty years later this is still an event that affects many lives. Although people hold different views, none can dispute that the bombing of Hiroshima was a very important event in world history. Details, facts, and opinions of the bombing are forever sealed in the pages of hundreds of boo ks articles and minds acrosst he globe. As World War II was progressing the Japanese were showing no signs of weakening or surrendering. General Marshal believed that it â€Å"might cost one half million lives to force the enemy’s surrender on his home grounds†. Meanwhile, the United States was rushing to produce a form of atomic weapon before other countries. Months later, after development and testing in New Mexico, President Truman felt that employing an atomic bomb would be the best way to defeat Japan (Yass 70). But could Truman and the United States face the harsh realities and aftermath of the atomic bomb? Heroshima was devastated. Houses were burning and people were dying. Thousands of people could never return to the life  they once knew. The bombing of Hiroshima is arguably an important aspect of history. This dramatic bombing was not just an issue reserved for Japan in 1945. Contrarily, nations on the other side of the earth had heard of this bombing and were closely following the events pertaining to it. Even fifty years later the morality and necessity of this event is feverishly debated. Although people hold different views, none can dispute that the bombing of Hiroshima was a very important event in world history. Countless articles and books have been written on this topic. Two authors in particular, Robert P. Newman, and Fujie Ryoso, have discussed the topic of the bombing of Hiroshima. Although they hold vastly contrasting views on this event and have different writing styles, both passionately discuss the topic. In the article â€Å"What if the Bomb Had Not Been Used?† Newman explains just that. Written in 1994, Newman argues that if the war had continued on the same path,  without use of the atomic bomb,  significant death and destruction would have ensued and would have been greater than the loss of lives at Hiroshima. Four main aspects of war would have been devastating on human lives. POW camps would have deteriorated very quickly and Japanese would have focused their intense rage upon prisoners. Although it was not widely publicized, mass blockades caused much starvation throughout Japan also. Food producing areas were being fought over and stocks had disappeared. Japanese submarines were frequent in the seas as well as those of the Allies. Kamikazes, torpedoes, and naval gunfire still had a great affect on lives. Also, thousands of Japanese on home islands would have been killed in various spread out battles. Masses of races of people would have been destroyed had the bomb n ot been used at the time it was. Newman argues that Japan was the last place an atomic bomb has been used in warfare, and it saved millions of lives in the long run. Fujie Ryoso also discusses the atomic bomb inâ€Å"We Found His Testament†. She relives and describes the bombing in the year of 1982, at age 72. Fujie married 25 year-old Wataru at the age of sixteen. They raised silkworms on their own two acres of farmland. Incredibly hard work and supportive love for each other resonated through their strong, healthy four children and Wataru’s mother. On August 6, 1945 Fujie was forcing weeds from the soil and Wataru was in town when suddenly, a great blast stunned her. After hugging her children in discovery that they were unharmed, she anxiously crept through the town in a frantic search for Wataru. Day after day, she searched though the destruction and piles of bodies, hoping desperately to recognize her husband’s familiar face among the living or even dead. Weeks later, she sifted through his drawers and came upon his testament. Although she never found his body, Fujie lives by her husband’s beliefs. Her children no w happily have children of their own, but the loss of Wataru burns fresh in her mind. These two authors come from drastically different areas of the world, have different educational backgrounds, and are different genders. Aspects such as these certainly transform ideas and points of view. For example, Newman has produced over seventy articles and several books,  obtained his PHD from the  University of Connecticut, and was the President of the American Foresnic Association (Newman 233). This high level of education and experience is reflected in his artcile. He provides a very wide, researched point of view. He offers a variety of research and support for his view. His support ranges fromphotographs of prisoners released from Japanese camps(Newman 186), the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Newman 187) and Japanese historians (Newman 190). He had many resources to make his opinionOn the other hand, Ryoso never recieved an education at all. Some of her childhood and most of her adulthood was spent farming with her close family. Although she does not have a g reat amount of knowled ge of the world, she experienced the bombing from three miles away. She was undoubtedly affected.

Harmonisation of International Accounting Standards Essay

Harmonisation of International Accounting Standards - Essay Example The cultural environment of a country plays a significant role in determining the development of its accounting standards and financial reporting system. Infact, it is supposed to have acted as the foundation stone upon which the origin of accounting rests. As Baladouni (1979, p326-327) points out that "the origin, content, or mode of being of accounting was found to be based on cultural and social forces". The accounting structure of a country depends upon social and cultural values prevailing in a society and hence the environment plays an essential role in the diversification of accounting standards among different countries. Mueller (1968) illustrated that the social and environmental conditions the development of accounting standards and principles are the currency composure and balance, legal and political pressures, segregation of ownership and control, economic development and literacy status etc. Nair and Frank (1980) said that the accounting principles and techniques of a c ountry are influenced by its cultural and economic environment. Baladouni (1979) further commented that the â€Å"cultural framework† specifies a group of institutions in the society, representing the most important part of its culture and the feature of general social activities that influence the development of accounting functioning. To assess the basis of distinctness and contrariness lying amongst various cultures, the research carried out by Hofstede is significant as it studies different dimensions.... y depends upon social and cultural values prevailing in a society and hence the environment plays an essential role in the diversification of accounting standards among different countries. Mueller (1968) illustrated that the social and environmental conditions the development of accounting standards and principles are the currency composure and balance, legal and political pressures, segregation of ownership and control, economic development and literacy status etc. Nair and Frank (1980) said that the accounting principles and techniques of a country are influenced by its cultural and economic environment. Baladouni (1979) further commented that the "cultural framework" specifies a group of institutions in the society, representing the most important part of its culture and the feature of general social activities that influence the development of accounting functioning. To assess the basis of distinctness and contrariness lying amongst various cultures, the research carried out by Hofstede (1980, 1983 and 1987) is significant as it studies different dimensions of drawing a comparison and distinction between different cultures prevailing in different nations influencing upon their accounting standards. The four dimensions pointed out by Hofstede (1987, p4-5) best illuminate the ground on which we can rest the reasons behind major cultural differences among various countries. These dimensions are as follows: Power Distance: This refers to the distance or balance of power between the giant and the small dwelling in the society. It is about how responsible a society evaluating the distribution of power among different members of the society. This aspect may vary form nation to nation as not every nation equally distributes the power among its members. Uncertainty

Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Berge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Berge - Essay Example The essay "Yves Saint Laurant and Pierre Bergà ©" discover Pierre Bergà © partnership with the famous designer and explores his role in success of the popular brand. Who was that unsung hero, and how did he come to meet St Laurent? Bergà © went so far as to pen his own account of the meteoric ascent from a mere inclusion in Dior’s stable to worldwide fashion phenomenon that was Yves St Laurent. In this account, he tells of his presence at St Laurent’s 1962 debut in Paris, writing an homage to the designer’s artistry. He understates his contribution, yet it is fully there: a subtle acknowledgment of the innumerable benefits that come from a long and stable association. A salute to the standing ovations that were to become part and parcel of these men’s careers. Bergà © was born into a middle class family where education and achievement were rewarded. His father was a sporting enthusiast on weekends, but an ordinary public servant who fulfilled ordinary tasks in the French tax office from Monday to Friday. His love of music definitely came from his mother, an amateur soprano, who understood the finer points of education and bequeathed her elegance and philosophies to her son. He went to Paris after his secondary education, probably without an inkling of what his future would bring. In 1958, Bergà © met Yves St Laurent. It was inevitable that the fashion ambience would have thrown them together. Paris has always been the kind of place that attracts the right kind of people to itself, and then of course to each other.

Communications Plan for Semiconductor Systems, Inc Essay

Communications Plan for Semiconductor Systems, Inc - Essay Example The gravity of the situation is very much apparent, that there are three casualties from the substance. This involves death of three people, and should be taken extreme measures to make sure that the crisis will not happen again. Apart from the fatalities, the organization and the public will be concerned about the physiological effects of this chemical agent, that apart from the fatalities, long-term damage to the health of other employees may have resulted in it. The organization should make sure to address this concern as well. Another major concern for the organization, as well as the other stakeholders will be what the incident costs the business. Apart from the monetary costs that entails the incident--pay to the families of the fatalities, the medical check-ups of the people who have been exposed to the chemicals to ensure there are not long-term damage to their health, installation of new security systems and reinforcement of new security measures, payment for publicity costs, etc—there are non-monetary costs to organization as well. This can includes: psychological tension to employees with the prospect of unsafe environment—thus either decreasing morale, productivity, or may result in increase in turnover; damage to brand equity when the news leaks to the public which will result in loss in potential talents, decrease trust in suppliers, customers and other stakeholders, and potential capital flight from investors. Employees are the target public, who are most directly concerned with the incident. Because the safety of the work environment will be a factor in the employees’ morale, productivity—this tension should be first calmed among them. Because of this incident, there will be several versions of the story when it leaks out to the public. Therefore, it is crucial to address this brand crisis and address the reality of what has happened in order to clear out future misconceptions about it. This